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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Dutch pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. See Dutch phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of Dutch, as well as dialectal variations that are not represented here. |} ==Notes== : The alveolo-palatal stop and nasal are allophones of the sequences and . Some speakers pronounce the same as . : Generally, the southern varieties preserve the –, – and – contrasts. Southern , may be also somewhat more front, i.e. post-palatal.〔 In the north, these are far less stable: most speakers merge and into a post-velar or uvular ;〔〔 most Netherlandic Standard Dutch speakers lack a consistent – contrast.〔 In some accents, e.g. Amsterdam, and are also not distinguished.〔 often joins this neutralization by merging with . In some accents, is also devoiced to . See also Hard and soft G in Dutch. : Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final becomes ). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural ''huizen'' ('houses') becomes ''huis'' ('house') in singular, and ''duiven'' ('doves') becomes ''duif'' ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural ''baarden'' ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling ''baard'' ('beard'), but pronounced as ; and plural ''ribben'' ('ribs') has singular ''rib'', pronounced as . Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. ''het vee'' ('the cattle') is : The final ‹n› of the plural ending -''en'' is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic sound. : The realization of the phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, is realized as the alveolar trill or as a uvular trill . In some dialects, it is realized as an alveolar flap or even as an alveolar approximant . : The realization of the phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant . In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant } (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Belgian Dutch uses the labiovelar approximant . : The glottal stop is not a separate phoneme in Dutch, but is inserted before vowel-initial syllables within words and often also at the beginning of a word. : is not a native phoneme of Dutch and only occurs in loanwords, like ''goal'' or when is voiced, like in ''zakdoek'' . : and are not native phonemes of Dutch, and usually occur in borrowed words, like ''show'' and ''bagage'' ('baggage'). Even then, they are usually realized as and , respectively. However, + sequences in Dutch are often realized as , like in the word ''huisje'' ('little house'). In dialects that merge and , is often realized as . : When the penultimate syllable is open, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables. When the penultimate syllable is closed, stress falls on either of the last two syllables. While stress is phonemic, minimal pairs are rare. For example ''vóórkomen'' "to occur" and ''voorkómen'' "to prevent". In composite words, secondary stress is often present. Marking the stress in written Dutch is optional, never obligatory, but sometimes recommended. : The "checked" vowels , , , , and occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts , , , , and can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels). These two sets also go by the names ''dull/sharp'', ''dim/clear'', ''lax/tense'', ''closed/open'', or ''short/long''. One of each pair is pronounced slightly longer by many speakers, so the terms ''long'' and ''short'' traditionally used to explain the use of doubled consonants and vowels in the orthographic system. Differences in vowel length tend to be bigger in southern dialects; in extreme cases, when lax vowels become as tense as the tense vowels, the vowel length is the only difference between them. : For most speakers of Netherlandic Standard Dutch, the long close-mid vowels , and are realised as slightly closing diphthongs , and , unless they precede within the same syllable. The closing diphthongs also appear in certain Belgian dialects, e.g. the one of Bruges, but not in Belgian Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology#Monophthongs for more details. : The exact quality of diphthongs varies; Netherlandic Standard Dutch has somewhat more open (in case of and often also unrounded) first elements: , , .〔. Authors state that "in most northern areas, is pronounced ."〕 In Belgian Standard Dutch, they begin in the open-mid region, and the last diphthong has a rounded first element: , , . In Belgium, the onset of can also be unrounded to . Some non-standard dialects (e.g. many southern dialects) realise these diphthongs as either narrow diphthongs or (as in The Hague dialect) long monophthongs.〔 See for more details. : Found in loanwords. : In Belgium, tends to be pronounced the same as . : Mainly found in loanwords. : is pronounced the same as by many speakers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Help:IPA for Dutch」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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